A) what are the main attractions of an import substitution strategy Essay

A) what are the primary attractions of an import replacement system B)how do you clarify that few creating nations have not suceeded to extend the proc - Essay Example Advocates favor the fare of modern merchandise over essential items. The system might be received as an issue of financial strategy and to accomplish industrialisation. In such setting, Wikipedia (2006) stated: â€Å"Import replacement industrialization (additionally called ISI) is an exchange and financial approach dependent on the reason that a creating nation should endeavor to substitute items which it imports, for the most part completed products, with privately delivered substitutes. The hypothesis is like that of mercantilism in that it advances high fares and negligible imports to build national wealth.† It further stated, the approach has three significant principles: (1) a functioning mechanical arrangement to finance and organize creation of key substitutes, (2) defensive obstructions to exchange (to be specific, duties), and (3) a financial strategy that keeps the household cash exaggerated. Thus import replacement strategies are not supported by backers of outright facilitated commerce. The disappointment of a few creating nations of not having prevailing to extend the procedure of import replacement into its second and third stage could be credited to the imperfection of the system as controlled by results. The encounters of a few creating nations are in this manner refered to underneath to clarify the disappointment. We will begin with the Latin American nations, trailed by East Asia and afterward we will examine the instances of Malaysia and the Philippines. Wikipedia (2006) stated: â€Å"Import replacement strategies were received by most countries in Latin America during the 1930s and 1940s due to the Great Depression of the 1930s. During the 1950s the Argentine market analyst and UNECLA head Raã ºl Prebisch was an obvious defender of the thought. Prebisch accepted that creating nations expected to make forward linkages locally, and could just prevail by making the enterprises that utilized the essential items

Olive Seniors Decision To Abandon Poetic Conventions English Literature Essay Essay Example

Olive Seniors Decision To Abandon Poetic Conventions English Literature Essay Taking a gander at Senior s poesy from the outset glimpse one will in a flash perceive that her signifier of poesy is plainly not the same as other cutting edge West Indian poesy. The significant contrast lies in her assurance to surrender shows. The term wantonness intends to surrender or reject. Graceful shows are utilized to delineate an example or gadget which is acknowledged as a fundamental, utile, or given quality of poesy. Impairment alludes to misfortune, mischief or impediment. In this way the disputable can be rehashed to expect that be taking to desert or reject important qualities of poesy Senior s plant has be impeded. The gathering firmly contradicts this announcement as we see Senior s function as simply exceptional and the road through which she brings to the bow all the components of the Caribbean and its kin. We will compose a custom paper test on Olive Seniors Decision To Abandon Poetic Conventions English Literature Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Olive Seniors Decision To Abandon Poetic Conventions English Literature Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Olive Seniors Decision To Abandon Poetic Conventions English Literature Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The main reason or plan of poesy is to forefront or show certain subjects concerns and sentiments. Had redirecting been to Senior s hurt her expectation would non hold been accomplished. All through the entirety of her section structures army subjects and issues are managed. Her stanza structures are agonizing of Caribbean educational encounters and arranged manners by which the Caribbean subjects endeavor to improve of or exceed expectations the difficulties they face on an everyday balance. The section structure Tropic Love investigates love and connections and the capacity played by every sexual orientation. It manages the hard conclusions grown-up females must do as it respects to connections and the outcome it will hold her family unit. Pineapple articulations at the improvement of the Aboriginal people groups and how trust can simple be manhandled. Senior through Amazon Women praises the quality of grown-up females and their fights to happen their singularity. By what means can one, in the wake of perusing these refrain structures presume that her plants were harming? Verse is non only for tasteful pleasance however to show existent condition of affairss and Senior s refrain structures can affirm to that. It is fairly conceivable that had Senior depended on the solid wonderful shows the truly piece of her work would hold been lost as they likely would hold kept her from giving her emotions and thoughts. These very shows would hold most strongly prompted the hurt of her work. Senior does non require to trust on extravagant or lush semantic correspondence to give her interests. The issue she nowadayss are existent life issues along these lines to be effectually conveyed they should be introduced in a straightforward, simple mode. Be that as it may, with traditional poesy just the individual emotions and wants of the writers are portrayed rendering them unrelatable. There is no reason for making a stanza structure if at the terminal the peruser is left inquisitive about what was simply perused. As a result Senior s poesy is much of the time regarded to be of more substance. Her sonnets papers existent life condition of affairss and every leave the peruser bite overing about these worries and most occasions exercises are found out. It is just as by occupying Senior is permitted more flexibleness and opportunity and subsequently she is capable O utilize her creative permit to make things happen the encounters she experiences day by day into fascinating, self satisfying and of import refrain structures. Senior uses the Grecian folklore of Amazon grown-up females to epitomize the quality, grit, fearlessness, independency and strength of grown-up females. In Hurricane Story 1903, 1951, 1988 , Senior presents ways of life of various families and how a disaster unconventionally typhoons can hold changing impacts on each. Senior, in Tropic Love utilizes a basic duologue between a grown-up male and a grown-up female to forefront the highlights of a run of the mill tropical relationship and the issues that grown-up females face in these connections. Man needs sex and friends however delays to offer committedness. In these three stanza structures there is little or no grounds of traditional habits, signifiers and components of poesy by the by, issues and concerns are introduced and the peruser can comprehend and hang on them. In this way, Senior s aim is accomplished thus obviously debates the unsettled. Olive Senior does non pass additional clasp guaranting that the lines in her stanza structures follow a particular rime system or contains a set figure of lines. Nor is her poesy hampered by pictures, nonliteral gadgets or mind boggling or expand developments. I can think about, had Senior made these shows her priority the main motivation behind her work would hold kicked the bucket. Hence it must be re-accentuated that her assurance to be unexpected created all the more great in comparison to injury. Senior s aim is to ensure that when people read her stanza structures they can partner to the condition of affairss and have the option to get them. In what manner or capacity would that be able to be conceivable in the event that one has no idea with respect to what the subject of the stanza structure is? Senior usages certain attributes which a few writers would sneer at, for example, narrating story, tattle Creole slang. Notwithstanding, these qualities make her stanza structures rel atable, evaluating and they pull perusers. These are the qualities which are regular to her perusers rendering her refrain structures understandable. One could express that Olive Senior disparity from graceful shows attempts to demo handle to life and that there is a whole other world to verse than only giving rime, however to concede the of import things and fights in existence with each line or refrain. The way wherein Senior composes the refrains in her section structure is other than a dissimilarity from graceful show however it helps in accomplishing her work progressively originative as in the section structure Yemoja where the verses are made as such where it takes after the dorsum and forward movement of the sea moving edges. The stanza structure plots how nature is firmly connected and the expire or suspend of the H2O mood would result in the perish of life itself as delineated in her refrain structure. The section structure Yemoja shows how nature ( the H2O ) sustains the land as a female parent would cultivate her child and can be connected to the way that the life of a child relies upon the female parent and the life o f the land relies completely upon H2O. Senior decides to occupy from the ordinary way of creating poesy with an entrance of phantasy as she sees verse more than simply a look of oneself however close to pass on noticeable radiation to the skirmishes of life as showed in another of her stanza structures Hurricane Narrative 1903 where the help of the individuals relied upon their livestock and is a consideration of the lives of most Caribbean individuals and how they make due off their livestock and if suck a calamity like the tropical storm. Senior other than veers off to draw the male and female relationship in the refrain structure as it show how the capacity of the grandmother was to cultivate while the gramps took on endeavors which requested musculus which could be noted other than as a trait of families in the Caribbean. Through her dissimilarity she other than depicts how universes and nature are firmly connected and now and again sends an admonition as appeared in Hurricane account 1903 . Be that as it may, he was the seventh kid of a seventh kid and could understand checks and decipher admirations so when the sups flew underneath the rooftop line, when the sky took on a specific Prunus persica newness, when runs f winged animals cruised west past that certain point. At the point when mists banked at the far side and the air was still, he realized it was clasp to make sure about down. Consequently she shows that nature and fills in as a double-crosser to grown-up male and a turn of events or the invariable use of designing redirects our going to from nature. Olive Senior is a station pioneer creator and it is run of the mill of her to occupy from lovely shows. By making so Senior is suggesting that poesy can in any case be as viable or significantly progressively adequate regardless of whether one does non adjust to lovely shows. Senior may hold considered shows to be a cutting edge twenty-four hours signifier of subjugation and accordingly was pie in the sky of interfering with liberated from all the components that attempted to stifle her. Through creation so she other than features or brings to the head the privilege of opportunity of look, a privilege to which the subjugated had been denied. Senior s poesy commends her distinction and heredity ; it furnishes her and her peruser with a recharged feeling of pride. So as to achieve this senior needed to snatch the regular methods of forming poesy. Accordingly she created a craftsmanship exceptionally Caribbean, a workmanship which mirrors her assurance to hinder away. Olive Senior s assurance to occupy has in no way negatively affected the reaction of her work. Without her challenge to be distinctive at that spot would non hold been the acknowledgment that being various does non expect losing.

Blog Archive MBA News Finance Jobs Wane but Overall Placement Holds Steady at Columbia

Blog Archive MBA News Finance Jobs Wane but Overall Placement Holds Steady at Columbia The latest career report published by Columbia Business School  (CBS) shows that finance recruitment for the Class of 2012 has fallen, after what seemed like a brief comeback in 2011. Columbia placed 50.3% of its 2011 class in the financial sector, but this number dropped to 41.8% in 2012â€"a reduction of approximately 64 students. As Poets and Quants suggests, the school, known for being “the quickest path to Wall Street,” is not unaccustomed to downturns in financial placements. In 2008, several of the school’s primary recruiters disappeared (Lehman Brothers, Bear Sterns) or made serious hiring cutbacks. Looking to the bright side, the overall placement rates for CBS remain strong, with 96% of graduates receiving job offers three months after graduation, the median base salary remaining stable and median signing bonuses increasing by $5,000. Consulting seems to have compensated for the lag in financial recruiting, reaching an all-time high of 32.6%, an increase of just over t en percentage points from last year or an increase of approximately 77 positions. Share ThisTweet Columbia University (Columbia Business School) News

Corporate Strategy My Boss For The Overall Direction On...

To begin, I would review the corporate strategy provided by my boss for the overall direction on how to execute our organization’s functions. I would use corporate’s OGSM to develop an operations strategy concentrating on their strategies and measures as the operations and supply management’s objectives and goals. The operations unit will use the corporate OGSM to determine how we can contribute to the success of the corporate strategy and plan to meet the company’s needs. Based on the objectives and goals assigned, I would determine which critical measures relate the most to corporate’s vision for the company. I would then evaluate our processes, their results and their impact on the company to see what processes need the greatest†¦show more content†¦After analyzing all of the data collected, I would develop an operations OGSM and deploy strategies and measures to the next level of the organization that would be their objectives and goals. I would ensure that any objectives set and proposed improvements to our processes were within the company’s capabilities. For example: the plan must be financially feasible for the company to carry out. I would employ process strategy to meet our goals and objectives. Two of our objectives are to consolidate manufacturing facilities and to increase productivity by 20%. This can be done using process choice to structure our manufacturing processes. Since the company only makes one product, the line process could work to produce high volumes of standardized cans of soup in one plant. The line process also allows the company to meet another objective of accelerating innovation by making new products on the same line. Modifying the tomato soup line is feasible because they can make new similar soups with the same ingredients or by using tomato soup as the base for different recipes. The line process coupled with a make-to-stock strategy would allow our company to improve their competitive priorities, including low-cost operations, speedy deliveries, and consistent quality. The line process can allow the firm to invest in more efficient technology that can beShow MoreRelatedThe Hard Truth About Soft Skills Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagessoft skills. Each chapter focuses on one particular soft skill by illustrating how to perform strategies and methods to improve interpersonal knowledge that a person may be lacking in. Some of the soft skills that the book depicts are communication, job completion, being judged, management, and the shadow organization. For the importance of gaining soft skills is imperative as 75% of a person’s overall success in their career is dependent on interpersonal abilities, not technical knowledge. CommunicationRead MoreOvercoming Internal Barriers971 Words   |  4 Pagessuccess exist for every company regardless of how big or small they are. How a company strategizes for and responds to these barriers will determine the positioning of the company within the industry and its overall existence. To indentify potential barriers, a company must first formulate its key strategies for growth. A company can then examine itself internally and externally to identify barriers that may inhibit the realization of these key goals. For example, a company must be aware of theirRead MoreManagement Functions And Functions Of Management Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagescontrolling. The planning function establishes a way to attain the desired objectives, resolve issues and facilitate action. The purpose of the planning function is to align the vision, culture, employees and the organizational structure with the strategies, and this involves multiple levels across the organization. Ultimately, planning is a needed function for business success (Huff 2009). The leading function of management assists the managers in administering and overseeing the performances ofRead MoreMy Job Title Was A Strategic Finance Intern Essay2338 Words   |  10 PagesFor my internship this semester I worked in the financial department at Steelcase Inc. I had a wide variety of duties and responsibilities, and I was constantly trying to learn as much as I possibly could. My job title was a Strategic Finance Intern, so my duties revolved around strategic decision making for the company. I worked closely with the multiple groups including Corporate Strategy and Product Development. However, I worked specifically in the Steelcase’s New Business Innovation groupRead MoreExecutive Tenure At Fortune 500 Companies1656 Words   |  7 Pagesuptick in the number of completed mergers and acquisitions deals can mean major disruptions in performance for both parties involved. Second, a survey by Fortune Magazine found that CEO tenure at Fortune 500 companies is about 5 years—meaning every five years, a new CEO takes the helm at a company and potentially re-strategizes, re-structures, re-organizes, and re-envisions the company’s mission, vision, values, and solutions. As change management professionals, we often think of change in terms ofRead MoreFactors That Affect Managers Globally : Cultural Linked Leaderships, Reasons Why Senior Management Derail1233 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In today’s global business environment, many organizations are trading in different countries. †Currently, more than 280 corporate and almost 40 franchise stores serve consumers in the 14 countries where we operate outside of South Africa† (www.shopriteholdings.co.za). More managers are receiving offers to work in other countries despite cultural differences; I am an example of such managers because I was given a chance to join Shoprite Angola from Namibia. Despite cultural differencesRead MoreHigher Leadership Roles Within An Organization1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe articles chosen in the Harvard Business Review were strategic readings which explained the contrast and complexities of higher leadership roles within an organization. At this point in my career and school, I have personal definitions of leadership and what leaders demonstrate in their roles as I’ve acquired learning from the field, college, and on-going management leadership courses. However , there was a greater benefit in reading the various practices of effective leadership from experts inRead MoreChallange the Boss or Stand Down3689 Words   |  15 Pagesof Form Sponsored by †¢ Cart †¢ My Account †¢ Downloads †¢ Explore †¢ Today on HBR †¢ Blogs †¢ Magazine †¢ Books †¢ Authors †¢ Store †¢ Harvard Business School †¢ Topics †¢ Change Management †¢ Competition †¢ Innovation †¢ Leadership †¢ Strategy †¢ Skills †¢ Emotional Intelligence †¢ Managing Yourself †¢ Measuring Business Performance †¢ Project Management †¢ Strategy Execution †¢ Industries †¢ FinanceRead MoreSuccessful Female Entrepreneurs, The Most Powerful Business Women By Fortune Press1759 Words   |  8 Pages Vamadevan Ganesh Fall 2014 Dowling College Term Paper On Indra Nooyi, CEO , PepsiCo 11/04/14 There are many successful female entrepreneurs, in today’s corporate world. Some are successful in making their company profitable by focusing on market demand. Some are focused more on its employees and the environment. There are quite a few who give equal importance to its employees and the environment at the same time catering to market needs thereby satisfying investorsRead MoreActionable Recommendation : Communication : Is The Market Like For Online Gaming Platform?1265 Words   |  6 PagesActionable Recommendation: Communication My recommendation for this issue is the whole group sitting down like they were, but each member discusses and makes their points of the idea. Each person gives their input on introducing online gaming and how it will affect the market? How can we fund the project? What are our goals? What is the market like for online gaming? Would it be smarter to just outsource the whole project? Can we train our staff to run the project? After taking a long serious

Placing Hefner, Imelda Marcos, and Hubbard in the Rings in Hell Based on Dantes Categories Free Essay Example, 1750 words

L. Ron Hubbard, a former science fiction writer, founded the Church of Scientology in 1954, which is based on dianetics, the study of the mind (Bentayou 16). Hubbard and his followers believe that man is an immortal being, inhabited by thetans, extraterrestrial spirits, [that] colonized humans 75 billion years ago (Bentayou 16). Through experiences like pain and suffering, man has forgotten his thetan self (McClare, Scientology: An Overview ). The main purpose of Scientology is to explain and help to perfect humans and their behavior through such practices as auditing that helps Scientologists deal with their engrams, which are traumatic experiences ingrained in man s subconscious, and harness their true potential (McClare, Scientology: An Overview ). Auditing is a paid service and is said to be very expensive (Bentayou 16). It seems that what Hubbard did then is that he created a business that preys on people s hunger for a religion that fits them. Although like other religions, Scientology has ethical foundations and principles, it is still one that is based on the premise that aliens inhabited human beings bodies. Furthermore, and what is most applicable here, is that Hubbard himself said that there was certainly something very corny about Heaven et al. , which translates into him denouncing God and Christ ( Operation Clambake Presents: Heaven ).We will write a custom essay sample on Placing Hefner, Imelda Marcos, and Hubbard in the Rings in Hell Based on Dantes Categories or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Hubbard would certainly fit in the sixth circle of hell, which consists of heretics, as who could be more blatant a heretic than Hubbard who claims that there is no God and that, in a sense, people descended from aliens.

What Challenges Did The Peacemakers At Vienna Face And How...

What challenges did the peacemakers at Vienna face and how effective were their solutions? Charles Stewart, half-brother to Castlereagh –the principle British diplomat to the Congress of Vienna wrote ‘if we consider the power of Russia†¦what may we not fear from her?’ in response to the situation of high tension created in the Congress of Vienna. The peacemakers at Vienna had two major aims; to main a ‘balance of power’ throughout Europe, and to prevent France from ever reaching the level of power it had held under Napoleon once again. In attempting to achieve these aims they faced a number of challenges; particularly territorial adjustments and divide amongst the Power Nations. Territorial reconstruction was the greatest challenge as it created a wedge between the nations, breaking them off into secretive alliances and pushed the congress to the brink of war. The peacemakers were also most effective in dealing with this challenge as the solutions absolved other challenges. The greatest challenge the peacemakers at Vienna faced was the reorganisation of Europe through the division of territory, as Jarret presents â€Å"the main issue confronting the allied statesmen at Vienna remained the reconstruction of central Europe, especially Poland† . The problem of territorial dispute was the greatest challenge as many of the great powers had personal land at risk but the balance of power had to be maintained, in particular through the Polish-Saxon negotiations. Prior to Napoleon’sShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesprospective project managers with the knowledge and skills that are transferable across industries and countries. Our motivation for writing this text was to provide students with a holistic, integrative view of project management. A holistic view focuses on how projects contribute to the strategic goals of the organization. The linkages for integration include the process of selecting projects that best support the strategy of a particular organization and that in turn can be supported by the technical and

Anthony Grafton and Bruno Latour may be considered as people of knowledge and education Essay Example For Students

Anthony Grafton and Bruno Latour may be considered as people of knowledge and education Essay Anthony Grafton and Bruno Latour may be considered as people of knowledge and education. They both were engaged in the process of knowledge acquiring and transforming it into their own ideas and new horizons of thought. For most aficionados, Princeton historian Anthony Grafton put the bon mot in play a few years ago in his elegant The Footnote: A Curious History Harvard University Press. Now, however, in The Devils Details: A History of Footnotes Invisible Cities Press, former Amherst College dean Chuck Zerby, in his odd doppelgÃÆ' ¤nger to Graftons volume, merely credits Grafton with reusing the line while stating see backhanded compliment at Zerby footnote No. 31, Grafton indicated that three other scholars have used the quip. That is, before Zerby made it four and your writer made it five. 1 But can we trust Zerby? His initial footnote to Graftons book, on Page 13, gives the publication date as 1999. By Page 55, the date reverts to 1997 the correct year, where it remains in subsequent citations. Is this the Devil teaching Zerby manners, befouling his own Grafton footnote as punishment for the authors daring, as a mere freelancer, to zap our leading footnote-ologist? Another Zerby aside, commenting on a purportedly inadequate Grafton citation Graftons annotation is not as fulsome as one might wish, suggests that less preternatural causes, like carelessness, prompt Zerbys error. But this aggressive proponent of a footrace within the historiography of the footnote does remind us that Graftons own crediting of the remark under whelms. The eminent Renaissance scholar points readers to a 1976 book, Cole Lesleys Remembered Laughter: The Life of Noel Coward, in which Coward attributed a stronger version of the remark to John Barrymore. 3 Any chance Barrymore stole it from Edwin Forrest? Grafton begins his search with what prove to be two straw men: the nineteenth-century German historian Leopold von Ranke and the late-eighteenth-century English historian Edward Gibbon, who share the reputation of having perfected modern historical scholarship. Despite Rankes impressive combination of narrative and analytical history and Gibbons blending of massive knowledge and high style, neither, according to Grafton, was the first to practice the art and craft of documented, critical history. Behind both were ancient, medieval, and Renaissance prototypes, numerous historians who not only told stories but cited evidence as well. Among them were the Italians Bernardino Corio, Leonardo Bruni, and Giannantonio Campano; the Englishmen Richard White and Ben Jonson; and, most impressively, the great French historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou. The latter wrote a genuinely new kind of history in what would prove to be the longest historical narrative before the twentieth century. 2 Other prototypes of modern scholarship included seventeenth-century church historians and antiquaries, particularly the German Jesuit Athanasius Kircher, whose massive, illustrated study of ancient China marked the maturation of a tradition of historical documentation reaching all the way back to the fourth-century Christian historian Eusebius and the venerable eighth-century English monk known as Bede. Here, too, one can find a combination of technical argument and deep documentation that anticipates modern historical scholarship. Also helping to make the primary source supreme within this tradition of scholarship were the bitter tracts of warring Protestants and Catholics. The seventeenth century was nonetheless a step up in historical scholarship because that centurys church historians and antiquaries, as well as exceptional scholars like de Thou, subjected documents to a higher degree of scrutiny, allowing the age of primitive accumulation of ecclesiastical-learning . . . to give way to one of analysis and investment. 4 However, Mr. Grafton again insists that the work of these scholars also provides an insufficient explanation for the rise of the footnote. So who, or what, in the end was the key player in the birth of the new professional scholarship the footnote came to represent? For Grafton, that honor belongs to a scholar and a work he first discovered as a college undergraduate: the great Dictionnaire of Pierre Bayle. Swarming with footnotes and irreverencies, and aspiring to expose and correct all the mistakes then existing in other reference books, Bayles dictionary is truly a young mans book. It was written against the background of the deconstruction of the scientific authority of the ancients at the hands of the new seventeenth-century scientists Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, Blaise Pascal, and Robert Boyle. Here the modern rules of scholarly procedure and historical scholarship as we know them today finds their definitive statement. 3 Although Grafton proclaims Bayles uniqueness, he diminishes it somewhat by his extensive honor roll of earlier prototypes and by the revelation that Bayle was not, as the Germans like to say, always sauber he silently abridged and consciously or unconsciously misread texts. So, in the end, the hero of Graftons story turns out to be far from indisputable. If there is a failing in this very ambitious and informative little book, it is the absence of a discussion of what the rise of the footnote or modern scholarship has meant for the reading public outside the academy. Grafton writes about a very comfortable scholarly world that he obviously loves. The only discordant note he finds is arguably one only a scholar in such a position would take notice of and lament: the footnotes stylistic decline to a list of highly abbreviated archival citations. Statistics Project EssayAnd like Searle he knows something about intuitive and irrational reactions based upon thick and multifarious internal processing the mind that is inseparable from our bodily selves. 10 The intuitive, irrational, imaginative, whole human beingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ another category dismissed by poststructuralistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ is the subject of the final and finest essay in the second half of the book, Martha Nussbaums The Literary Imagination in Public Life, a beautiful reading of Hard Times as a lesson in the wisdom that no public servant should be allowed to forget. Unlike any of the other writers, Nussbaum repeatedly uses the word life as the standard of truth and value try finding that word in any poststructuralist text!. Mr. Gradgrinds educational theories are bad because they are false to life; Dickenss novel is good because it offers a vision of life that includes reason and imagination, soul and body. Nussbaum, like Searle, comes from a field outside English: she is a professor of law and philosophy. Unlike the English professors whose essays make up the majority of Beyond Poststructuralism, these two have the courage to say that poststructuralism is wrong and that literature is rooted in life. Too many English professors have been listening so respectfully to such people as Bruno Letour and such theories as computo ergo sum that they have lost their nerve and acquiesced in the refusal of poststructuralism to acknowledge life as a meaningful term of value. Our whole profession should remember Paulinas words in The Winters Tale: Dear life redeems you. Dear life, our biological life on earth, must become the standard of truth if we are to redeem literary studies from post structuralism without relying on blind faith and miracles. Life is certainly a standard of value in Minutes of the Lead Pencil Club: Pulling the Plug on the Electronic Revolution, edited by Bill Henderson. This collection of essays, cartoons, poems, and snippets from newspapers is breezy and informal. The forty essays are all short, and as far as I can tell, none is by a literary critic. Poets and essayistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Gary Snyder and Wendell Berryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ contribute; so do the humorists Russell Baker and Dave Barry and the novelists E. Annie Proulx and John Updike. The book has one clear theme: enslavement to computers is taking us out of the natural world, away from face-to-face and voice-to-voice connections with our friends and our families. Some of the essays also decry the expense of computers, the planned obsolescence that forces people to keep buying upgrades so that they will not be stuck with unusable machines. More clearly than anyone else Wendell Berry warns that computers are one more link between us and the power companies that are destroying the earth for their own profit. Mark Sloukas Rapture and Redemption in the Virtual World is about the mad millennialism of those devotees of computers who proudly announce their imminent freedom from the body. He does not mention Bruno Letour, but Letour is one of their number. Slouka includes horrifying quotations from other famous professors Michael Benedikt, Bruce Mazlish about the promise of freedom from the ballast of materiality, the possibility of being angels, if not God in virtual reality. The recent mass suicide of the Heavens Gate cult of computer programmers demonstrates that what sounds like harmless lunacy in people like Bruno Latour is in fact deadly. When people start believing computo ergo sum, their minds are open to all demons. 8 /p The disdain for the biological world in poststructuralist theory and the disdain for physical labor that is part of the worship of computers cannot be separated. The supercilious contempt that poststructuralists feel for people who still believe a real world exists is only the most extreme and absurd version of the contempt that white-collar workers have felt for blue-collar workers and farmers ever since the Renaissance. Noxious plants with deep roots are very hard to kill; well-intentioned but half-hearted criticism of post structuralism and computers is not going to be enough. We need a deeper criticism of the falsehoods in our culture, a stronger knowledge that the reality of our life on earth must be the test of truth than the books by Goodheart, Harris, and Henderson offer. But this criticism and this knowledge do not depend on some great intellectual breakthrough, some yet undiscovered insight. If we could once again take literature seriously we would not have to look any further than As You Like It and The Winters Tale, where the rich are forced to remember that their life depends on the poor who grow their food, that only fools and tyrants feel contempt for shepherds. If we can truly believe that the selfsame sun that shines upon Bill Gatess court hides not his visage from a cottage in Bangladesh, then dear life can indeed redeem us.